12 Oct 2015 Global marine analysis suggests food chain collapse
Climate Change & Oceans
Ocean acidification is at a 20 million year high and the rate is at a 300 million year high (see Jelle Bijma 2013)
Atmospheric GHG Pollution Impacts on the World's Oceans
July 2015 Science ConsensusvImmediate and substantial reduction of CO2 emissions is required to prevent the massive and mostly irreversible impacts on ocean ecosystems and their services that are projected with emissions greater than those in RCP2.6.
The oceans that collectively make up the World Ocean play a fundamental role in the global climate system.
According to a research paper published in Nature Climate Change (Aug 2013), ocean life is being forced to migrate faster than life on land due to climate induced changes that are occurring in the marine environment.
There is a clear consensus from the many scientific statements that are now being made about ocean acidification, that rapid, unprecedented changes are occurring (EPOCA statement). According to the NOAA on ocean acidity, the oceans are more acid than they have ever been over the past 20 million years. In 50 years acidity will increase 120% if no emergency response is initiated.
A 2009 Interacademy science statement warned that at current emission rates ... all coral reefs and polar ecosystems will be severely affected by 2050 or potentially even earlier.
Ocean acidification is occurring faster today than it has over the past 300 million years.
The oceans are being warmed and acidified forever. Scientists expect that the ocean will eventually take up about 85% of anthropogenic CO2- because the ocean takes ~1000 years to mix, this process will take many hundreds to thousands of years (see Carbon and Climate).
The ocean (World Ocean) impact due to atmospheric CO2 pollution is often forgotten in climate change considerations. Our planet Earth is in effect the Ocean planet because the World Ocean provides an incomparably larger habitat for life than the land.
The oceans are the ultimate controller of the climate system. By absorbing CO2 from the air at the sea surface, carbon is combined with calcium by shell bearing marine organisms and sinks to the ocean floor when these organisms die, and in so doing gets locked up in ocean sediments. Over ages of time the calcium compressed in the sea floor sediment returns to the land as limestone and dolomite rock. This is the ultra-long ocean carbon cycle.
Global heating from GHG emissions is largely ocean heating because the oceans have taken up over 90% of greenhouse gas heat (NOAA) that has been added to the lower atmosphere. Ocean heat content has been rapidly increasing-and accelerating since 2010.
The key reason as to why the global warming surface temperature increase has stalled is because, quite suddenly, near surface ocean heat is being transported into the deep ocean to such an extent, which in actual fact means that global heating has accelerated further.
This greenhouse gas heat that is stored in our oceans is a large reason for our future commitment to much more land surface warming than we have experienced to date.
It takes 30-50 years for the heat of a greenhouse gas emission to be diffused and circulate through the oceans and register as a temperature increase at the ocean surface. Consequently, due to the ocean heat lag, the heat taken up by the oceans is the primary cause of climate change inertia. Even if emissions were to stop, the ocean would continue to add heat to the planets surface. This is the ocean heat lag warming future commitment and also partly explains why global warming persists for over a thousand years.
The warming of the Ocean was initially limited to the surface water, but research on ocean heat content now shows that over the past decade there has been a large increase in heat transfer to the deep ocean. This explains the stalled global average surface warming, and in fact means global heating has increased.
Warming of the surface water causes bleaching and death of corals reefs, which play a fundamental role in supporting ocean biodiversity.
Deeper ocean warming slows currents that play a crucial role in bringing oxygen and food to marine creatures, and also in ocean cleansing. Consequently, deep hypoxic ocean dead zones are forming and expanding.
It is estimated that the oceans have absorbed as much as 40% of the emitted CO2 through the vast expanse of surface waters. CO2 gas dissolves in sea water to form carbonic acid, which results in ocean acidification. Acidification affects the ability of marine organisms to calcify - some shell forming species are showing signs of decalcification - and damages the biological carbon pump essential for assimilating and sinking carbon. Ocean acidification is yet another reason why atmospheric carbon pollution is catastrophically dangerous.
July 2015 Science ConsensusvImmediate and substantial reduction of CO2 emissions is required to prevent the massive and mostly irreversible impacts on ocean ecosystems and their services that are projected with emissions greater than those in RCP2.6.
The oceans that collectively make up the World Ocean play a fundamental role in the global climate system.
According to a research paper published in Nature Climate Change (Aug 2013), ocean life is being forced to migrate faster than life on land due to climate induced changes that are occurring in the marine environment.
There is a clear consensus from the many scientific statements that are now being made about ocean acidification, that rapid, unprecedented changes are occurring (EPOCA statement). According to the NOAA on ocean acidity, the oceans are more acid than they have ever been over the past 20 million years. In 50 years acidity will increase 120% if no emergency response is initiated.
A 2009 Interacademy science statement warned that at current emission rates ... all coral reefs and polar ecosystems will be severely affected by 2050 or potentially even earlier.
Ocean acidification is occurring faster today than it has over the past 300 million years.
The oceans are being warmed and acidified forever. Scientists expect that the ocean will eventually take up about 85% of anthropogenic CO2- because the ocean takes ~1000 years to mix, this process will take many hundreds to thousands of years (see Carbon and Climate).
The ocean (World Ocean) impact due to atmospheric CO2 pollution is often forgotten in climate change considerations. Our planet Earth is in effect the Ocean planet because the World Ocean provides an incomparably larger habitat for life than the land.
The oceans are the ultimate controller of the climate system. By absorbing CO2 from the air at the sea surface, carbon is combined with calcium by shell bearing marine organisms and sinks to the ocean floor when these organisms die, and in so doing gets locked up in ocean sediments. Over ages of time the calcium compressed in the sea floor sediment returns to the land as limestone and dolomite rock. This is the ultra-long ocean carbon cycle.
Global heating from GHG emissions is largely ocean heating because the oceans have taken up over 90% of greenhouse gas heat (NOAA) that has been added to the lower atmosphere. Ocean heat content has been rapidly increasing-and accelerating since 2010.
The key reason as to why the global warming surface temperature increase has stalled is because, quite suddenly, near surface ocean heat is being transported into the deep ocean to such an extent, which in actual fact means that global heating has accelerated further.
This greenhouse gas heat that is stored in our oceans is a large reason for our future commitment to much more land surface warming than we have experienced to date.
It takes 30-50 years for the heat of a greenhouse gas emission to be diffused and circulate through the oceans and register as a temperature increase at the ocean surface. Consequently, due to the ocean heat lag, the heat taken up by the oceans is the primary cause of climate change inertia. Even if emissions were to stop, the ocean would continue to add heat to the planets surface. This is the ocean heat lag warming future commitment and also partly explains why global warming persists for over a thousand years.
The warming of the Ocean was initially limited to the surface water, but research on ocean heat content now shows that over the past decade there has been a large increase in heat transfer to the deep ocean. This explains the stalled global average surface warming, and in fact means global heating has increased.
Warming of the surface water causes bleaching and death of corals reefs, which play a fundamental role in supporting ocean biodiversity.
Deeper ocean warming slows currents that play a crucial role in bringing oxygen and food to marine creatures, and also in ocean cleansing. Consequently, deep hypoxic ocean dead zones are forming and expanding.
It is estimated that the oceans have absorbed as much as 40% of the emitted CO2 through the vast expanse of surface waters. CO2 gas dissolves in sea water to form carbonic acid, which results in ocean acidification. Acidification affects the ability of marine organisms to calcify - some shell forming species are showing signs of decalcification - and damages the biological carbon pump essential for assimilating and sinking carbon. Ocean acidification is yet another reason why atmospheric carbon pollution is catastrophically dangerous.
Latest Research by date
14 Jan 2021 Unbelievable: Earth's Oceans Store Unparalleled Amounts of Heat
2 Oct 2020 Climate change responsible for record sea temperature and sea levels Ocean State Report
28 Sept 2020 Increasing stability decreases ocean productivity, reduces carbon burial. Research Paper PDF. Oceans Out of Balance article
14 August 2020 Trophic pyramids reorganize when food web architecture fails to adjust to ocean change>oceans collapse
10 August 2020 Rapid deep ocean deoxygenation and acidification threaten life on Northeast Pacific seamounts
14 Jan 2021 Unbelievable: Earth's Oceans Store Unparalleled Amounts of Heat
2 Oct 2020 Climate change responsible for record sea temperature and sea levels Ocean State Report
28 Sept 2020 Increasing stability decreases ocean productivity, reduces carbon burial. Research Paper PDF. Oceans Out of Balance article
14 August 2020 Trophic pyramids reorganize when food web architecture fails to adjust to ocean change>oceans collapse
10 August 2020 Rapid deep ocean deoxygenation and acidification threaten life on Northeast Pacific seamounts
6 April 2020 Fossil fuels add to world’s marine (coastal) dead zones
31 March 2020
Climate crisis may have pushed world's tropical coral reefs to tipping point of 'near-annual' bleaching
26 Feb 2020
Climate Change is Pushing Giant Ocean Currents Poleward (gyres) (dire effects on food)
3 Feb 2020 Deep ocean oxygen levels more susceptible to climate change
Jan 2020 MARINE HAVENS
THREAT The impacts of the climate crisis on tropical coral reefs and the communities that rely on them. Full transition to zero carbon all major industrialised economies by 2030
Jan 2020 Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019
THREAT The impacts of the climate crisis on tropical coral reefs and the communities that rely on them. Full transition to zero carbon all major industrialised economies by 2030
Jan 2020 Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019
26 Aug 2019 Acidification diminishes diatom silica production in the Southern Ocean (Diatoms contribute 40% of ocean productivity)
8 July 2019
Near ocean acid threshold leading to runaway mass Earth extinction event
16 Mar 2019 Also Acidifying oceans on the base of the ocean's food web
12 June 2019 Article Marine biomass will plummet unless greenhouse gases curbed The paper
25 June 2019 Global ensemble projections reveal trophic amplification of ocean biomass declines with climate change
NOTE: June 2014 Ocean Acidification Is Toxifying Phytoplankton
4 July 2019 Global biogeography of coral recruitment: tropical decline and subtropical increase
14 June 2019 Global ensemble projections reveal trophic
amplification of ocean biomass declines with climate change
amplification of ocean biomass declines with climate change
5 April 2019 Climate change’s deadliest effects are unfolding under the sea
3 April 2019 Great Barrier Reef can't heal after global warming damage
15 March 2019 The state of ocean CO2 uptake
4 March 2019 Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision
4 March 2019 Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision
of ecosystem services
1 March 2019 Impacts of historical warming on marine fisheries production
Kiev Declaration (Deox)
25 Feb 2019 The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath, Scientists Warn
6 Feb 2019 Underwater forests threatened by future climate change, new study finds
6 Feb 2019 Underwater forests threatened by future climate change, new study finds
10 Jan 2019 Oceans heating up 40% faster than estimates
Paper
25 July 2018 Ecosystem restructuring along the Great Barrier Reef following mass coral bleaching (adverse effect of marine heat wave of coral supportive fish)
19 July 2018 Large-scale ocean de-oxygenation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. [and sulfidic the combination] rendering most of oceans 'uninhabitable by multi-cellular organisms'. PDF
July 2018 LETHAL CONSEQUENCES: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
Paper
25 July 2018 Ecosystem restructuring along the Great Barrier Reef following mass coral bleaching (adverse effect of marine heat wave of coral supportive fish)
19 July 2018 Large-scale ocean de-oxygenation during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. [and sulfidic the combination] rendering most of oceans 'uninhabitable by multi-cellular organisms'. PDF
July 2018 LETHAL CONSEQUENCES: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE GREAT BARRIER REEF
June 2018
Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation,
Andreas Oschlies (accelerating)
10 April 2018 Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century
14 Mar 2018 Coral reef experiment shows: Acidification from carbon dioxide slows growth
5 Jan 2018 Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters
9 Jan 2018 Climate change drives collapse in marine food webs
Sept 2017 Marine mass extinction heading
29 May 2017 Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
4 May 2017 Deoxygenation. Decades of data on world's oceans reveal a troubling oxygen decline. “The trend of oxygen falling is about two to three times faster than what we predicted ...'
16 March 2017 Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals
7 Mar 2017 multiple ocean stress Rapid emergence of climate change in
environmental drivers of marine ecosystems
Stephanie A. Henson
Sept 2016 IUCN Explaining Ocean Warming
27 April 2016 OCEANS Deoxygenation due to climate change threatens marine life
2016 UN The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment
29 March 2016 Australia's Great Barrier Reef hit by 'worst' bleaching (ever).
23 March 2016 Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems
extends 'the oceanic areas that constitute a source instead
of a sink or carbon dioxide presently mostly concentrated in
the equatorial zone' ... 'ocean acidification is expected to introduce deep changes in marine habitats, and food web processes.'
29 Jan 2016 Ocean acidification impacting population demography, hindering adaptation potential
1 Feb 2016 Phytoplankton rapidly disappearing from the Indian Ocean
30 Jan 2016 Atlantic acidification Rapid anthropogenic changes in CO2 and pH in the Atlantic Ocean: 2003–2014. An article
19 Jan 2016 Global ocean warming has doubled in recent decades (more 30% going deep), scientists find
15 Dec 2015 Baby fish will be lost at sea in acidified oceans
14 Dec 2015 Fish Stocks Are Declining Worldwide- Climate Change
12 Oct 2015 Global marine analysis suggests food chain collapse
June 2015 WARMING CATASTROPHIC COLLAPSE PHYTOPLANKTON Mathematical Modelling of Plankton–Oxygen
Dynamics Under the Climate Change
15 Jan 2015 Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says
23 Sept 2015 Earth's oceans show decline in microscopic plant life
20 July 2015 Ocean acidification -dramatic changes to phytoplankton
3 July 2015 Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios
J.-P. Gattuso
16 June 2015 Ocean acidification corrode marine animals' shells by 2030
24 Mar 2015 EU Very trapid warming of seas 10X past 100 year mean.
Nov 2014 Climate change to expand almost all coastal dead zones
July 2014 Science Consensus Contrasting futures for ocean and society.. CO2 emissions
June 2015 Ocean warming sea life- higher stress more O2 needed but also less ocean O2.
9 April 2015 Triassic mass extinction may give clues on how oceans will be affected by climate change.
24 March 2015 N. Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation slow down already.
Jan 2014 T. Webb. Global Patterns of Extinction Risk in Marine and Non-marine Systems
20-25% well known marine species threat extinction- same as land plants and animals.
Feb 2015 Ocean depths heating steadily despite global 'pause'
May 2014 Phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass will decrease 6 and 11 percent due to climate change.
Jan 2014 Study projects unprecedented loss of corals in Great Barrier Reef due to warming reduced to 10% by
less than 1-2C warming.
July 2014 Mixing it up: Study provides new insight into Southern Ocean behavior [Nature Geoscience, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2200]
July 2014 Study reveals strong links between Antarctic climate, food web [Nature Communications, 2014; 5 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5318]
June 2014 Warming climates intensify greenhouse gas given out by oceans; [Nature Geoscience; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2181]
June 2014 Fish and aquatic life living in the high seas are more valuable as a carbon sink than as food and should be better protected, according to new research.
June 2014 Value of high seas ecosystems; destroying deep sea carbon sponge
May 2014 Melting Arctic opens new passages for invasive species; early action could protect coasts [Nature Climate Change, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2244]
May 2014 West Antarctic Glaciers in Irreversible Decline
May 2014 Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Greenland Ice Sheet [PNAS 2014; doi/10.1073/pnas.1405397111]
April 2014 California coast pteropod die off from acidification
Jan 2014 Life on the Edge Low latitude equatorial fish will not survive warming
2013 Climate change and the oceans – What does the future hold? J. Bijma Acidification+warming+
deoxygenation
Jan 2014 Dramatic Spikes in Ocean Acidity May Drastically Impact
Coastal Ecosystems
Dec 2013 Multi-decadal range changes vs. thermal adaptation
Eureka alertreport large loss of marine life projected
Nov 2013 Atlantic plankton Has climate change caused a drop-off in a food source crucial to ocean creatures?
Pacific Ocean Warming at Fastest Rate in 10,000 Years
Nov 2013 Science
Oct 2013 Study Ocean warming+ acidification No Safe Havens in Increasingly Acid Oceans. Nature paper (full free)The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability
Camilo Mora, et al.
Global mean ocean pH moved outside its historical variability by 2008.
6 Sept 2013 ... water temperature has a direct impact on maintaining the delicate plankton ecosystem of our oceans.
2011 Ove Hoegh Guldberg
Extinctions feared as ocean dead zones grow
July 2010 Global phytoplankton decline over the past century: -40% in 60 years
2009 P. G. Brewer, E. T. Peltzer. Limits to marine life.Ocean Dead Zones Likely To Expand: Increasing Carbon Dioxide and Decreasing Oxygen. Brewer and Peltzer's calculations suggest that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will increase even faster in the deep oxygen minimum zones.
2009 G. Shaffer Long-term ocean oxygen depletion in response to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. Dramatic Expansion Of Dead Zones In Oceans Likely With Unchecked Global Warming
2008 Warmer ocean means less oxygen, more dead zones, study says.
The study Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts
Lothar Stramma
Andreas Oschlies (accelerating)
10 April 2018 Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century
14 Mar 2018 Coral reef experiment shows: Acidification from carbon dioxide slows growth
5 Jan 2018 Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters
9 Jan 2018 Climate change drives collapse in marine food webs
Sept 2017 Marine mass extinction heading
29 May 2017 Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification
4 May 2017 Deoxygenation. Decades of data on world's oceans reveal a troubling oxygen decline. “The trend of oxygen falling is about two to three times faster than what we predicted ...'
16 March 2017 Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals
7 Mar 2017 multiple ocean stress Rapid emergence of climate change in
environmental drivers of marine ecosystems
Stephanie A. Henson
Sept 2016 IUCN Explaining Ocean Warming
27 April 2016 OCEANS Deoxygenation due to climate change threatens marine life
2016 UN The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment
29 March 2016 Australia's Great Barrier Reef hit by 'worst' bleaching (ever).
23 March 2016 Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems
extends 'the oceanic areas that constitute a source instead
of a sink or carbon dioxide presently mostly concentrated in
the equatorial zone' ... 'ocean acidification is expected to introduce deep changes in marine habitats, and food web processes.'
29 Jan 2016 Ocean acidification impacting population demography, hindering adaptation potential
1 Feb 2016 Phytoplankton rapidly disappearing from the Indian Ocean
30 Jan 2016 Atlantic acidification Rapid anthropogenic changes in CO2 and pH in the Atlantic Ocean: 2003–2014. An article
19 Jan 2016 Global ocean warming has doubled in recent decades (more 30% going deep), scientists find
15 Dec 2015 Baby fish will be lost at sea in acidified oceans
14 Dec 2015 Fish Stocks Are Declining Worldwide- Climate Change
12 Oct 2015 Global marine analysis suggests food chain collapse
June 2015 WARMING CATASTROPHIC COLLAPSE PHYTOPLANKTON Mathematical Modelling of Plankton–Oxygen
Dynamics Under the Climate Change
15 Jan 2015 Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says
23 Sept 2015 Earth's oceans show decline in microscopic plant life
20 July 2015 Ocean acidification -dramatic changes to phytoplankton
3 July 2015 Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios
J.-P. Gattuso
16 June 2015 Ocean acidification corrode marine animals' shells by 2030
24 Mar 2015 EU Very trapid warming of seas 10X past 100 year mean.
Nov 2014 Climate change to expand almost all coastal dead zones
July 2014 Science Consensus Contrasting futures for ocean and society.. CO2 emissions
June 2015 Ocean warming sea life- higher stress more O2 needed but also less ocean O2.
9 April 2015 Triassic mass extinction may give clues on how oceans will be affected by climate change.
24 March 2015 N. Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation slow down already.
Jan 2014 T. Webb. Global Patterns of Extinction Risk in Marine and Non-marine Systems
20-25% well known marine species threat extinction- same as land plants and animals.
Feb 2015 Ocean depths heating steadily despite global 'pause'
May 2014 Phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass will decrease 6 and 11 percent due to climate change.
Jan 2014 Study projects unprecedented loss of corals in Great Barrier Reef due to warming reduced to 10% by
less than 1-2C warming.
July 2014 Mixing it up: Study provides new insight into Southern Ocean behavior [Nature Geoscience, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2200]
July 2014 Study reveals strong links between Antarctic climate, food web [Nature Communications, 2014; 5 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5318]
June 2014 Warming climates intensify greenhouse gas given out by oceans; [Nature Geoscience; DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2181]
June 2014 Fish and aquatic life living in the high seas are more valuable as a carbon sink than as food and should be better protected, according to new research.
June 2014 Value of high seas ecosystems; destroying deep sea carbon sponge
May 2014 Melting Arctic opens new passages for invasive species; early action could protect coasts [Nature Climate Change, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2244]
May 2014 West Antarctic Glaciers in Irreversible Decline
May 2014 Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Greenland Ice Sheet [PNAS 2014; doi/10.1073/pnas.1405397111]
April 2014 California coast pteropod die off from acidification
Jan 2014 Life on the Edge Low latitude equatorial fish will not survive warming
2013 Climate change and the oceans – What does the future hold? J. Bijma Acidification+warming+
deoxygenation
Jan 2014 Dramatic Spikes in Ocean Acidity May Drastically Impact
Coastal Ecosystems
Dec 2013 Multi-decadal range changes vs. thermal adaptation
Eureka alertreport large loss of marine life projected
Nov 2013 Atlantic plankton Has climate change caused a drop-off in a food source crucial to ocean creatures?
Pacific Ocean Warming at Fastest Rate in 10,000 Years
Nov 2013 Science
Oct 2013 Study Ocean warming+ acidification No Safe Havens in Increasingly Acid Oceans. Nature paper (full free)The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability
Camilo Mora, et al.
Global mean ocean pH moved outside its historical variability by 2008.
6 Sept 2013 ... water temperature has a direct impact on maintaining the delicate plankton ecosystem of our oceans.
2011 Ove Hoegh Guldberg
Extinctions feared as ocean dead zones grow
July 2010 Global phytoplankton decline over the past century: -40% in 60 years
2009 P. G. Brewer, E. T. Peltzer. Limits to marine life.Ocean Dead Zones Likely To Expand: Increasing Carbon Dioxide and Decreasing Oxygen. Brewer and Peltzer's calculations suggest that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will increase even faster in the deep oxygen minimum zones.
2009 G. Shaffer Long-term ocean oxygen depletion in response to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. Dramatic Expansion Of Dead Zones In Oceans Likely With Unchecked Global Warming
2008 Warmer ocean means less oxygen, more dead zones, study says.
The study Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts
Lothar Stramma
The many damaging ocean effects of atmospheric GHG pollution The Ocean Foundation
Today's Accelerating Ocean warming, Acidification &
De-oxygenation is a Dire Planetary Emergency
De-oxygenation is a Dire Planetary Emergency
CLIMATE EMERGENCY INSTITUTE
The health and human rights approach to climate change
The health and human rights approach to climate change
This 2010 important ocean research explains the huge role of Oceans in climate and in climate change
July 2015 Science Consensus
Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different
CO2 emissions scenarios
Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different
CO2 emissions scenarios
Research July 2015 Dramatic changes to phytoplankton from acidification
16 August 2015 World's coral reefs doomed even if the Dec 2015 UN Paris Climate Conference is successful.
15 Jan 2015 Ocean Life Faces Mass Extinction, Broad Study Says.
VIDEO Nov 2015 Rapidly acidifiying Southern Ocean
1 Feb 2016. Phytoplankton rapidly disappearing from the Indian Ocean due to warming stratification.
27 April 2016Deoxygenation- climate change threatens marine life
June 2015WARMING CATASTROPHIC COLLAPSE PHYTOPLANKTON
Mathematical Modelling of Plankton–Oxygen Dynamics Under the Climate Change.
Mathematical Modelling of Plankton–Oxygen Dynamics Under the Climate Change.
2016 e-book Overview
UN 1st Global Marine Assessment
UN 1st Global Marine Assessment
Global warming will expand both coastal dead zones and deep ocean dead zones
16 March 2017 Coral reefs are doomed without immediate measures (global emissions decline) on global warming
Australia Climate Council July 2018 Extreme ocean temperatures occurring every two years ... 'effectively destroying the Great Barrier Reef'
Australia Climate Council July 2018 Extreme ocean temperatures occurring every two years ... 'effectively destroying the Great Barrier Reef'
July 2010 Global phytoplankton decline over the past century: -40% in 60 years
Oct 2017 BIOACID largest study ever shows that ocean acidification along with other ocean effects of atmospheric GHG pollution puts practically all marine life at risk. Oceans have absorbed 30% of CO2 emissions.
Ocean acidification
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3 July 2015 '...impacts on key marine and coastal organisms, ecosystems, and services are already detectable, and several will face high risk of impacts well before 2100, even under the low-emissions scenario (RCP2.6). These impacts will occur across all latitudes, making this a global concern beyond the north/south divide. Third, immediate and substantial reduction of CO2 emissions is required to prevent the massive and mostly irreversible impacts on ocean ecosystems and their services
2017 Ocean Deeply Ocean warming and de-oxygenation will impact phytoplankton - that make most of our oxygen. Ocean acidification and warming will impact zooplankton essential for ocean life an for sinking carbon.
Sea surface temperature tracker
We should be assessing rate of climate change primarily by ocean heating
Record ocean heating increase 2014-2019=5 atomic bombs/second
Ocean warming started 130 years ago
Triple Deadly Ocean Assaults:
o Heating o Acidification o De-oxygenation
o Heating o Acidification o De-oxygenation
